Correlation between hemodynamic and electrophysiological signals dissociates neural correlates of conflict detection and resolution in a Stroop task: a simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy and event-related potential study

Conflict processing is crucial for humans and has been investigated using hemodynamic and electrophysiological measures. However, because most previous research has studied hemodynamic and electrophysiological measures separately, the relationship between these two measures in conflict processing is poorly understood. In our study, we measure near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and event-related potential (ERP) signals simultaneously in a Chinese color-word matching Stroop task and examine the relationship between the conflictrelated hemodynamic signal in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and electrophysiological signal. The results show significant Stroop effects for behavioral, NIRS (oxy-hemoglobin: HbO2), and ERP [N450, late positive complex (LPC)] data. The significant N450 Stroop effect occurs before the behavioral response to incongruent stimuli, while the evident LPC Stroop effect occurs after it, suggesting that only N450 is associated with conflict processing. Additionally, N450 Stroop effects during the early and later phases are negatively correlated with HbO2 Stroop effects in the left PFC and in the bilateral PFC, respectively. These results suggest that N450 reflects conflict detection and resolution, the left PFC may be involved in conflict detection, and the bilateral PFC is engaged in conflict resolution. Overall, the analysis of the correlation between hemodynamic and electrophysiological signals is useful for studying human brain function. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI. [DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.18.9.096014]